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Preterm Labor

Definition

Preterm labor occurs between the 20th and 37th week of pregnancy. This labor includes both uterine contractions and cervical changes.
A full-term pregnancy lasts 38-42 weeks but preterm labor can lead to early delivery. Infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature.

Causes

In most cases, the cause is of preterm labor is unknown.
Some preterm labor is associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). PPROM is the rupture of both the amniotic sac and chorion membranes. It generally occurs at least one hour before labor begins.
Amniotic Sac
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Risk Factors

The chance of preterm-labor is greatest in women under the 18 years or over 35 years. Other maternal factors that may increase the chance of preterm labor include:
Pregnancy complications that may increase your risk of preterm labor include:
  • Pre-eclampsia
  • Placental abruption
  • Premature rupture of the membranes
  • Carrying more than one baby
  • Vaginal bleeding after 16 weeks, or during more than one trimester
  • Infection in the cervix, uterus, vagina, or urinary tract including STDs
  • Being pregnant with a single fetus after in vitro fertilization (IVF)
  • Presence of a retained intrauterine device
  • Incompetent cervix
  • Too much or too little fluid surrounding the baby
  • Surgery on your abdomen during pregnancy
  • Amniotic fluid infection
  • Intrauterine fetal death
  • Intrauterine growth delay
  • Birth defects in the baby
Other factors associated with an increased chance of preterm labor include:
  • History of one or more spontaneous second-trimester abortions
  • Less than six months between giving birth and the beginning of the next pregnancy
  • A previous preterm birth
  • Uterine fibroids
  • Abnormally shaped uterus

Symptoms

Symptoms may include:
  • Abdominal pain that feels something like menstrual cramps
  • Dull pain in the lower back
  • Pressure in the pelvis and tightening in the thighs
  • Vaginal bleeding or spotting, or watery discharge

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your doctor may recommend tests to check your cervix and membranes have ruptured. An ultrasound will help your doctor see internal structures and the baby.
Fluids in the cervix will also be tested for sign of labor progression. A tocometer may be placed to help monitor contractions.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on your baby's development, especially the growth of the lungs. If your doctor believes the baby is ready, the labor may be allowed to continue. If the baby is not ready to be delivered, your doctor may try to stop the labor. Stopping labor is a complicated process and may not always work. Some treatment options may include:
  • Tocolytics—may delay labor for a few days
  • Corticosteroids—to help the baby's lungs develop
  • Antibiotics—if an infection is suspected or present

Prevention

To help reduce your chance of preterm labor, take the following steps:
  • Get the proper prenatal care throughout your entire pregnancy.
  • Eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
  • Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
  • Keep chronic diseases under control.
  • Stay active during your pregnancy. Your doctor can give you exercise guidelines that are right for you.
  • If you are at high-risk for premature birth, talk to your doctor about progesterone therapy.

RESOURCES

American Pregnancy Association http://americanpregnancy.org

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada http://www.sogc.org

References

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Management of stillbirth. Practice Bulletin. March 2009;102.

Hall R. Prevention of premature birth: do pediatricians have a role? Pediatrics. 2000;105(5): 1137-1140.

Premature labor. American Pregnancy Association website. Available at: http://www.americanpregnancy.org/labornbirth/prematurelabor.html. Updated May 2007. Accessed October 9, 2012

Preterm labor. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated March 15, 2013. Accessed April 22, 2013.

Prevention of preterm labor and preterm birth. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated January 16, 2013. Accessed April 22, 2013.

10/29/2008 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php: Bakhireva LN, Schatz M, Jones KL, et al. Asthma control during pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery or impaired fetal growth. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:137-143.

7/6/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php: Kumar A, Devi SG, Batra S, Singh C, Shukla DK. Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104:32-36.

1/22/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance: Calderon-Margalit R, Qiu C, Ornoy A, Siscovick DS, Williams MA. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(6):579.e1-8.

8/23/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance: McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J; Knowledge Synthesis Group. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2010;341:c3428.

10/25/2012 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance: Mori R, Ota E, Middleton P, Tobe-Gai R, Mahomed K, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11;7:CD000230.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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